Columbite on Alioth M1. Vanadinite on Madis M2. Illemenite on Madis M3. Rhodonite on Alioth M4.
Nothing in this game, except for PvP, is locked behind PvP.
You can get up to T4 in PvE space! That's the travesty in my opinion. If you ask me, you shouldn't be able to get anything more than T2 in PvE space. No risk, no reward.